Best Switch Encoders (Oct. 2026) - Rated by CherryPicks' Experts

At a Glance: Our Top Picks

Top 1

QSYZAIL 6 Pcs EC11 Rotary Encoder with Push Button 5 Pins 360 Degree Code Swi...

9.9
CPR Score
Top 2

JTAREA KY-040 Rotary Encoder Module 360 Degree Switch Encoders with Knob Cap ...

9.8
CPR Score
Top 3

JTAREA KY-040 Rotary Encoder Module 360 Degree Switch Encoders with Knob Cap ...

9.6
CPR Score
Tips


Our team has analyzed 306 products of different brands, including uxcell, HiLetgo, WMYCONGCONG, Maxmoral, DIYhz, Tegg, WayinTop, Cylewet, Teyleten Robot, SJZBIN, CUI Inc And REHOC. The following list of top 30 best Switch Encoders is selected for the customers by analyzing and comparing different features.

* CherryPicks.Reviews is reader-supported, Our editor review, and recommend the best products based on extensive data analysis, if you click on the product links, we may earn a commission through qualifying products purchased.

The Best Switch Encoders Rated by CherryPicks

Market Overview
Switch Encoders Reviewed
  • Reviews Analyzed: 1,511 Items
  • CPR Avg. Rating: 8.5 / 10
30 Products Evaluated
  • Highest Price: $68.50
  • Lowest Price: $6.99
  • Avg. Price: $16.36
Price Disclaimer

Top 30 Switch Encoders on Amazon (Verified You can Buy)

Top 1

QSYZAIL 6 Pcs EC11 Rotary Encoder with Push Button 5 Pins 360 Degree Code Switch and Knob Cap Compatible with for Arduino

QSYZAIL
Ec11-360
4.65 x 2.56 x 0.28 inches

Ratings for QSYZAIL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
QSYZAIL - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

EC11 Rotary Encoder: Number of digits: 20; Number of Pins: 5; Length of Shaft: 20 mm / 0.79 in
360 Degree Rotary Encoder: The rotary encoder can count the number of pulses output during forward and reverse rotation by rotating, and the number of rotations is not limited
Show More
Top 2

JTAREA KY-040 Rotary Encoder Module 360 Degree Switch Encoders with Knob Cap Brick Sensor Modules (Pack of 4pcs)

JTAREA
JT-RE02

Ratings for JTAREA (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
JTAREA - US - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

JTAREA KY-040 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Module with Knobs Cap.
STANDARD SPECIFICATION: Working voltage: 5V; One round number of pulse: 20.
Show More
Top 3

JTAREA KY-040 Rotary Encoder Module 360 Degree Switch Encoders with Knob Cap Brick Sensor Modules (Pack of 2pcs)

JTAREA
JT-RE01

Ratings for JTAREA (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
JTAREA - US - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

JTAREA KY-040 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Module with Knobs Cap.
STANDARD SPECIFICATION: Working voltage: 5V; One round number of pulse: 20.
Show More
Top 4

Cylewet 5Pcs 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Code Switch Digital Potentiometer with Push Button 5 Pins and Knob Cap for Arduino (Pack of 5) CYT1100

Cylewet
CYT1100

Ratings for Cylewet (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Aloway - ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

Length of Shaft: 20mm/ 0.79in
5 pins
Top 5

HiLetgo 5pcs 360 Degrees Rotary Encoder Module for Arduino Brick Sensor Switch

HiLetgo
3-01-0850

Ratings for HiLetgo (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
HiLetgo 5,453 ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

Size: About 31 * 19 * 29mm / 1.22" * 0.75" * 1.14"
Main color: Black
Show More
Top 6

DIYhz 10 Pcs EC11 Rotary Encoder Dode Switch Audio Digital Potentiometer with Switch - 20MM

DIYhz
10048

Ratings for DIYhz (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
DIYhz - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Avoid storing the products in a place at high temperature, high humidity and in Corrosive gases.
Do not touch the product with water, as this may cause abnormal output waveforms.
Show More
Top 7

WWZMDiB 6Pcs EC11 Rotary Encoder with Push Button 360° 5 Pins and Knob Cap for Arduino, Raspberry Pi, ESP32

WWZMDiB
EC11

Ratings for WWZMDiB (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
WWZMDiB - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

EC11 Rotary Encoder:6Pcs Rotary Encoder + 6Pcs knob cover
Number of pins:5 Pin
Show More
Top 8

DIYhz (4 Pack) EC11 Rotary Encoder Switch, 20mm Half Shaft, 20 Detents 20 Pulses, 5-Pin PCB Mount Rotary Encoder with Push Button Switch

DIYhz

Ratings for DIYhz (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
DIYhz - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

【EC11 Rotary Encoder Switch】 High-quality EC11 rotary encoder switch with 20 detents and 20 pulses per 360° rotation. Features a crisp tactile feel and high reliability for precise control.
【Built-in Push Button Switch】 This rotary encoder switch is integrated with a momentary push-button function, allowing for both rotational and push-down operations in a single component.
Show More
Top 9

QSYZAIL 6 Pcs KY-040 Rotary Encoder with Push Button and Knob Cap Compatible with for Arduino

QSYZAIL
0.01 x 0.01 x 0.063 inches

Ratings for QSYZAIL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
QSYZAIL - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

KY-040 Rotary Encoder: Working voltage: 5 V; One round number of pulse: 20
360 Degree Rotary Encoder: The rotary encoder can count the number of pulses output during forward and reverse rotation by rotating, and the number of rotations is not limited
Show More
Top 10

Maxmoral 2pcs Rotary Encoder Module KY-040 360 Degrees for Arduino Compatible Brick Sensor Switch Development Board

Maxmoral
Encoder-KY040-2

Ratings for Maxmoral (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Maxmoral - ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

Type: 2pcs 360 Degrees Rotary Encoder Module, Model: KY-040, Working Voltage: 5V, Pulse Count Per Circle: 20
Purpose: The rotary encoder can count the quantity of output pulse in the positive and negative direction rotation. The rotation counting is unlimited.
Show More
Top 11

1Pcs EC11EBB24C03 Handle 25mm Dual Axis Encoder with Switch 30 Positioning Number 15 Pulse Point

GODIYMODULES
EC11EBB24C03-001
0.9843 x 0.4606 x 0.9843 inches
0.022 Pounds

Ratings for GODIYMODULES (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
DIY-Module - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Model Number: EC11EBB24C03
Top 12

DIYhz EC11 Rotary Encoder 20mm Plum Shaft, DC5V with Push Switch, 360° Endless Incremental Encoder for Audio DIY PCB Mount, 10Pcs

DIYhz
2.5 x 1.8 x 0.7 inches

Ratings for DIYhz (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
DIYhz - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

High-quality 20mm plum shaft EC11 encoder, precision manufacturing with strict dimension control for stable assembly
DC5V rated voltage for microcurrent circuits, A/B dual-phase signal output with no drift or noise for stable transmission
Show More
Top 13

AIMPGSTL 5Set EC11 Rotary Encoder with Push Button 360° 5 Pins and Knob Cap for Arduino Raspberry Pi ESP32

AIMPGSTL

Ratings for AIMPGSTL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Aistone - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

EC11 Rotary Encoder:5Pcs Rotary Encoder + 5Pcs knob cover
Number of pins:5 Pin 15mm
Show More
Top 14

JESSINIE 10Pcs EC12 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Code Switch Digital Potentiometer E12 Audio Encoder 360°Rotating Encoder 3Pins 15MM D-Shaft

JESSINIE

Ratings for JESSINIE (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Jessinie - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Type: EC12 Rotary Encoder with Switch; Adjustment method: 360 Degree; Number of pulses: 24
Shaft Diameter: 6mm/0.24"; Shaft Height: 15mm/0.59"; Total Dimension: 14mm x 13.2mm x 23.5mm / 0.55" x 0.52" x 0.93"(L*W*H)
Show More
Top 15

JTAREA KY-040 Rotary Encoder Module 360 Degree Switch Encoders with Knob Cap Brick Sensor Modules (Pack of 6pcs)

JTAREA
JT-RE03

Ratings for JTAREA (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
JTAREA - US - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

JTAREA KY-040 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Module with Knobs Cap.
STANDARD SPECIFICATION: Working voltage: 5V; One round number of pulse: 20.
Show More
Top 16

WayinTop 5 Set 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Code Switch Push Button EC11 Digital Potentiometer with Switch 5 Pin Handle Length 20mm and Knob Cap for Arduino Electronics Projects

WayinTop
WYTP68
3.937 x 1.9685 x 0.1969 inches

Ratings for WayinTop (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
WayinTop-US - ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

【Rotary Encoder】These are continuous rotary encoder switch; Type: Encoder code with Switch; Adjustment method: 360 Degree Rotary; Number of digits: 20 digits; Pins: 5.
【Encoder Specification】Shaft Diameter: 6mm/0.24inch; Shaft Length: 20mm/0.79inch; With built in push button switch (push to operate).
Show More
Top 17

Tegg 2 PCS KY-040 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Module Brick Sensor clickable Switch with Knob Cap for Arduino

Tegg
KY040-WKC-2
0.2006 Pounds

Ratings for Tegg (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Tegg - ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

Type: KY-040 Rotary Decoder Encoder.
Operating Voltage: 5V. One round number of pulse: 20.
Show More
Top 18

BKAEIMSTWR 6Pack 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Code Switch Push Button EC11 Digital Potentiometer 5 Pin Handle Length 15mm and Knob Cap for Arduino Electronics Projects

BKAEIMSTWR

Ratings for BKAEIMSTWR (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Baeimstwr - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

About encoder code switch: these are continuous rotary encoder switches with switches; They can rotate 60 degree rotation degree; Number of digits: 15;
Rated Voltage: DC 5V; Shaft Movement Direction: Action Type: Momentary.
Show More
Top 19

WMYCONGCONG 8 Pcs KY-040 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Module with Knob Cap for Arduino Micro Controller Use

WMYCONGCONG
8541715726
0.22 pounds

Ratings for WMYCONGCONG (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
WGCD - ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

The rotation counts are not limited, designed with continuous 360 degree rotation sensors.
Working voltage: 5V
Show More
Top 20

JESSINIE 10Pcs EC16 360 Degree Rotary Encoder Code Switch Digital Potentiometer E16 Audio Encoder 360°Rotary Digital Encoder 3 Pins 15MM Shaft

JESSINIE

Ratings for JESSINIE (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Jessinie - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Type: EC16 Rotary Encoder with Switch; Adjustment method: 360 Degree; Number of pulses: 24
Working Signal Pin Numbers: 3; Mounting Pin Number:2; Shaft Type: D Type
Show More
Top 21

XIITIA 4pcs KY-040 Rotary Encoder Module 360 Degree Switch Encoders with Knobs Cap Brick Sensor Modules

XIITIA

Ratings for XIITIA (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
XIITIA - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

★The Material of Knob Cap: aluminium alloy
★Working voltage: 5V; One round number of pulse: 20
Show More
Top 22

YI53ZX0 EC110701N2B Dual-Shaft Axis Rotary Encoder with Push Button Switch 360-Degree Rotation 30 Position 15 Pulse Handle

YI53ZX0
YI53ZX0
0.1102 pounds

Ratings for YI53ZX0 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
xiaoluwujinbaihuo - ❌ ❌ ❌
QianXiangYao - ❌ ❌ ❌
qitumaoyi - ❌ ❌ ❌
Top 23

5PCS Ec12 Encoder 3-pin Without Switch 360 Degree Rotary Volume 24 bit Digital Pulse Encoder(20mm)

BWXIZRBJB
BWXIZRBJB

Ratings for BWXIZRBJB (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
阜阳市麦霜贸易有限公司 - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Switch Encoders
5PCS Ec12 encoder 3-pin without switch 360 degree rotary Volume 24 bit digital pulse encoder
Top 24

REHOC 5PCS EC11EBB24C03 Dual Axis Encoder with Switch 30 Positioning Number 15 Handle 25mm

REHOC
3.5433 x 1.9685 x 0.7874 inches
0.0595 pounds

Ratings for REHOC (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
miaotuiui87 - ❌ ❌ ❌
mianshenglp5261 - ❌ ❌ ❌
tingjiece9600 - ❌ ❌ ❌
lizhihaodadad - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Model Number:EC11EBB24C03
Color: Green+Silver
Show More
Top 25

Bourns Rotary Encoder Incremental 24 Detents with Momentary Push Switch 24 PPR Vertical Mechanical-6pack (PEC11R-4215F-S0024)

BOURNS
PEC11R-4215F-S0024

Ratings for BOURNS (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Atlant-WH - ❌ ❌ ❌
MaguireStore - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

capacitors
Number of items: 1
Top 26

uxcell 25 Pcs Encoder Switch Mouse Encoder Scroll Wheel Repair Part Switch 5mm 7mm 9mm 11mm 13mm

uxcell
a19041200ux0353
0.7874 x 0.3937 x 0.0394 inches
0.0507 pounds

Ratings for uxcell (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
uxcell 31 ✅ ✅ ✅

Features

Set of 5mm 7mm 9mm 11mm 13mm.
The encoder can be commonly used as long as the encoder of your mouse have the same height with it
Show More
Top 27

CUI Inc AMT102-V AMT10X Series 3.6 to 5.5 V 2-8 mm Open Center Capacitive Encoder Switch Kit - 1 item(s)

CUI Inc
AMT102-V
0.0006 pounds

Ratings for CUI Inc (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
KHC Shop - ✅ ✅ ✅
MaguireStore - ✅ ✅ ✅
Novel Nexus Corporation - ❌ ❌ ❌
Atlant-WH - ❌ ❌ ❌
Top 28

SJZBIN 5PCS EC11 Rotary Encoder Code/Digital Potentiometer 20mm Plum Blossom Shaft 5 Pin with Switch for Audio Amplifier Mixer Headphones

SJZBIN

Ratings for SJZBIN (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
DGSJSM - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

Product type: EC11 rotary encoder coding switch digital potential 20mm plum blossom shaft 5 feet with switch
Product material: the shell is engineering plastic, can effectively protect the internal circuit components from the external environment, the shaft handle is high-strength metal, high strength, good abrasion resistance, able to withstand greater torque and external forces.
Show More
Top 29

eMagTech 2 PCs Hollow Shaft Encoder EC25 SRGP200200 Encoder for Car Volume Switch Compatible with Cuisinart TOA-65 Toaster Over Rotary Dial

eMagTech
954-BF

Ratings for eMagTech (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
eMagTech - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

The EC25 SRGP200200 encoder is designed for applications in car audio volume controls and appliances such as Compatible with Cuisinart TOA-65, ensuring precise and smooth rotational adjustments.
With a rotational life of up to 30,000 cycles, this encoder provides durability and reliability for high-frequency usage, making it ideal for both automotive and appliance applications.
Show More
Top 30

Teyleten Robot KY-040 Rotary Encoder Brick Sensor Module Switch Development 360 Degrees with Knobs Cap for Arduino AVR PIC 5pcs

Teyleten Robot
K10
12.2047 x 7.4803 x 11.4173 inches

Ratings for Teyleten Robot (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Teyleten Robot-US - ❌ ❌ ❌

Features

The rotary encoder can count the number of output pulses in the positive and negative directions by rotation. Unlike potentiometers, the rotation count is unlimited. With the key on the rotary encoder, it can be reset to the initial state, that is, counting from 0.
Working voltage: 5V
Show More

Top 10 Switch Encoders - Verified to Buy (October 2026)

Top 10 Switch Encoders Brands on Amazon

Here is the list of top-rated brands that were evaluated by CherryPicks.

  • QSYZAIL
  • JTAREA
  • Cylewet
  • HiLetgo
  • DIYhz
  • WWZMDiB
  • Maxmoral
  • GODIYMODULES
  • AIMPGSTL
  • JESSINIE

Top 10 Switch Encoders Sellers: CPR Seller Rank List

CPR sellers rank is based on CherryPicks-AI bestselling ranking system that helps us analyze each seller's sales trends. The List of top seller ranks is our in-house data, essential for our product ranking to help you make the right shopping choice.

  • 1. uxcell : 561,997 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
  • 2. HiLetgo : 12,171 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
  • 3. Maxmoral : 5,597 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 4. WGCD : 4,698 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 5. Tegg : 2,617 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
  • 6. Aloway : 2,323 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 7. DIYhz : 1,771 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.9
  • 8. KHC Shop : 1,622 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.3
  • 9. Teyleten Robot-US : 1,531 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.7
  • 10. WayinTop-US : 1,140 Yearly Feedback , Avg. Ratings 4.8
Rank Name Yearly Feedbacks Avg. Ratings
🥇 uxcell 561,997 4.8
🥈 HiLetgo 12,171 4.8
🥉 Maxmoral 5,597 4.9
4 WGCD 4,698 4.9
5 Tegg 2,617 4.8
6 Aloway 2,323 4.9
7 DIYhz 1,771 4.9
8 KHC Shop 1,622 4.3
9 Teyleten Robot-US 1,531 4.7
10 WayinTop-US 1,140 4.8
View or download top Switch Encoders seller & rating report
uxcell [561997] HiLetgo [12171] Maxmoral [5597] WGCD [4698] Tegg [2617] Aloway [2323] DIYhz [1771] KHC Shop [1622] Teyleten Robot-US [1531] WayinTop-US [1140] uxcell 94% HiLetgo 2% Maxmoral 1% WGCD 1% Tegg 0% Aloway 0% DIYhz 0% KHC Shop 0% Teyleten Robot-US 0% WayinTop-US 0%

[Get] Switch Encoders Deals (✅Exclusively for Prime)

What does "Amazon Fulfilled" Mean?

Amazon Fulfilled refers to products handled by Amazon's logistics, which indicates that the product is stored, packed, and shipped by Amazon from one of its fulfillment centers.

When you order a product that is "Amazon Fulfilled," Amazon takes care of the storage, packing, shipping, and customer service for that product. This often ensures quicker delivery and better customer service compared to products that are not fulfilled by Amazon. It also means that the product is eligible for Amazon's return policy.

What does "Prime" Mean?

"Prime" refers to Amazon Prime Member (Join Amazon Prime Now), which indicates eligibility for Prime benefits. When you see "Prime" next to a product on Amazon, This generally means that if you are  an Amazon Prime member, you can get free two-day shipping on that product, and sometimes even same-day or one-day shipping depending on your location.

Prime members also have access to other benefits, including 2-Day Shipping, Exclusive Member Deals, Prime Video, Buy With Prime, Amazon Music, Prime Gaming, and more.

Shop Prime Switch Encoders Deals

What does "Free Shipping" Mean?

"Free Shipping" means that you will not be charged additional fees for the shipping of that product. However, unlike "Prime," which usually guarantees fast two-day shipping, "Free Shipping" doesn't necessarily mean fast shipping.

Sometimes there might be a minimum purchase requirement to qualify for free shipping if you are not a Prime member. For Prime members, the "Free Shipping" usually refers to the free two-day shipping that is one of the benefits of the Prime membership.


Why Should You Trust Us?

Now hundreds and thousands of Industrial Electrical supplies are available on Amazon, Picking the right one is not easy, and that may take a lot of your time, Right? and What is the best Switch Encoders to buy for new October 2026?

CherryPicks’s Methodology for Evaluating Switch Encoders

We developed the CherryRatings-AI system to identify and score reviews and the CherryPicks-AI ranking system that uses TensorFlow framework to generate the best list, It will help us evaluate Industrial Electrical items that sell on Amazon. The score of items is based on over ten parameters such as analyzing customer review content, product reviewing rating statistics, brand reputation evaluation, comparing product price with features, etc, You can visit How We Rank to learn more in detail.

We collected and analyzed 306 of Switch Encoders reviews based on our selection criteria. It helped us shortlist the top qualified and rated Switch Encoders for Industrial Electrical, We found that most customers choose Switch Encoders with an average price of $16.36, and the top brands are uxcell, HiLetgo, WMYCONGCONG, Maxmoral, DIYhz, Tegg, WayinTop, Cylewet, Teyleten Robot, SJZBIN, CUI Inc And REHOC. 

Then our expert-level editors reviewed all those quality items and selected the top 30 Switch Encoders for you, We have researched hundreds of sellers and picked the top sellers for Industrial Electrical, including uxcell, HiLetgo, Maxmoral, WGCD, Tegg, Aloway, DIYhz, KHC Shop, Teyleten Robot-US, WayinTop-US, WWZMDiB And Novel Nexus Corporation. The QSYZAIL 6 Pcs EC11 Rotary Encoder with Push But... are available for purchase right now, and The seller of #1 rank product has received honest feedback from 14 consumers with an average rating of 4.1.

We've helped a lot of satisfied users get the right Industrial & Scientific product based on their needs, and save lots of time for them to pick Switch Encoders to buy.


Written By Brandi W. Cortright

Brandi is a woman in tech who loves to write about the electronics and gadgets she has used. On this site, she would be providing you unbiased reviews of electronics as they are released into the market to make you know what to expect before making a purchase.