Best Automotive Top Coats (April 2024) - Rated by CherryPicks' Experts

At a Glance: Our Top Picks

Top 1

Dupli-Color BCL0125 Clear Exact-Match Automotive Top Coat, 8. Fluid_Ounces

9.8
CPR Score
Top 2

Dupli-Color Acrylic Clear Perfect Match Automotive Top Coat - 8 oz, Bundles w...

9.8
CPR Score
Top 3

Dupli-Color EBCL01257 Clear Perfect Match Automotive Top Coat - 8 oz. Aerosol...

9.7
CPR Score
Tips


Our team has selected the top 29 best Automotive Top Coats by analyzing and evaluating 148 products of different Paint & Paint Supplies brands, including Dupli-Color, POR-15, Dicor, Spray Max, Plasti Dip, Eastwood, KBS Coatings, SEM, Nanoskin, DipYourCar, Interlux, U-POL, Trailer Floor Coating And CAR-REP, Still, Our editor rated and compared them on product features before you buy.

* Cherrypicksreviews.com is reader-supported, Our editor review, and recommend the best products based on extensive data analysis, if you click on the product links, we may earn a commission through qualifying products purchased.

The Best Automotive Top Coats Rated by CherryPicks

Market Overview
Automotive Top Coats Reviewed
  • Reviews Analyzed: 42,287 Items
  • CPR Avg. Rating: 8.5 / 10
29 Products Evaluated
  • Highest Price: $399.00
  • Lowest Price: $14.50
  • Avg. Price: $63.45
Price Disclaimer

Top 29 Automotive Top Coats on Amazon (Verified You can Buy)

Top 1

Dupli-Color BCL0125 Clear Exact-Match Automotive Top Coat, 8. Fluid_Ounces

Dupli-Color
BCL0125
2.15 x 6.23 x 2.57 Inches
0.79 Pounds

Ratings for Dupli-Color (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
Heintz Sales - Heintz Brothers Automotive 7,197
Crazy4Performance -
Blondee Wholesale 1,490

Features

PROFESSIONAL
Ideal for large touch ups, vehicle accessories, motorcycles, etc.
Show More
Top 2

Dupli-Color Acrylic Clear Perfect Match Automotive Top Coat - 8 oz, Bundles with Prep Wipe (3 Items)

Dupli-Color

Ratings for Dupli-Color (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Heintz Sales - Heintz Brothers Automotive 7,197
Crazy4Performance -
Blondee Wholesale 1,490

Features

Ideal for large touch ups, vehicle accessories, motorcycles, etc.
Apply over any factory applied finish or Duplicolor Perfect Match Premium Automotive Paint
Show More
Top 3

Dupli-Color EBCL01257 Clear Perfect Match Automotive Top Coat - 8 oz. Aerosol, (Case of 6)

Dupli-Color
EBCL01257
2.9983 Pounds

Ratings for Dupli-Color (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Heintz Sales - Heintz Brothers Automotive 7,197
Buyer$ Lair 2,301

Features

Dupli-Color Perfect Match Premium Automotive Clear Coat is an easy-to-use, high-quality, fast-drying, acrylic lacquer aerosol paint
Features an adjustable EZ Touch 360 degree nozzle and a wide spray pattern for smooth, even coats
Show More
Top 4

POR-15 Top Coat Paint, Direct to Metal Paint, Long-term Sheen and Color Retention, 32 Fluid Ounces, Gloss Black

POR-15
45804
1.6732 x 1.6732 x 1.9685 Inches
2.05 Pounds

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
POR-15 8,289
AutoPartsandPaint -

Features

✅ WHY CHOOSE POR-15 TOP COAT PAINT? – POR-15 is an industry standard for high performance protection against corrosion and rust. Our direct-to- metal coating is essential in all applications where there is a need to help preserve substrates susceptible to corrosion. POR-15 Top Coat provides excellent adhesion and best when used over POR-15 Rust Preventive Coating, works to provide a permanent barrier.
✅ LONG LASTING PROTECTION - POR-15 Top coat has exceptional long-term sheen and color retention, with a hammer tough finish that won’t crack or peel. It can be applied directly to metal substrates or previously painted surfaces without need for primer or undercoat. Formulated to form a robust barrier that sheds moisture.
Show More
Top 5

CAR-REP® 2K Epoxy Color Top Coat with Wise 2K Technology, Easy Application, High Coverage, Jet Black High-Gloss, 11oz Aerosol Can

CAR-REP
0.9039 Pounds

Ratings for CAR-REP (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Car-Rep Automotive -

Features

2K
Spray Paint
Show More
Top 6

POR-15 2K Urethane - Clear - 1 qt. - 2 - Part Industrial Top Coat | Durable Long-Lasting Coating

POR-15
43504
1.6732 x 1.6732 x 1.9685 Inches
2.13 Pounds

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
SG MARKETPLACE -

Features

✅ WHY CHOOSE POR-15 2K URETHANE PAINT? – POR-15 2K Urethane Industrial Top Coat paints are tough, glossy, two-component coatings for use over primed or painted surfaces. When fully cured, POR-15 2K Urethane Paints are a rock-hard, chemical resistant, non-porous, and incredibly tough coating. Durable and easily cleaned, they will not crack, chip, peel, or fade with age. POR-15 2K Urethane paints will withstand even the most intensive UV environments.
✅ LONG LASTING BRILLIANT FINISH - These beautiful, two-component coatings are stronger than any color paint you have ever tried. The long-lasting brilliant colors will look terrific wherever you use them, and will withstand incredible abuse. You'll be amazed at how well POR-15 2K Urethane paints hold up under conditions that would quickly destroy ordinary finishes.
Show More
Top 7

U-Pol Blend#9 Fade Out Reducer Premium Aerosol

U-POL
0874

Ratings for U-POL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
G.P.S. 360
National Tool Warehouse 1,751
BIGFLY 312

Features

These Src Clears Provide Improved Scratch And Abrasion Resistance
For Use With All Coatings
Show More
Top 8

POR-15 2K Urethane - Gloss Black - 1 qt. - 2-Part Industrial Top Coat | Durable Long-Lasting Coating | Hammer Tough Finish

POR-15
43204
1.6732 x 1.6732 x 5.0 Inches
2.89 Pounds

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
Motorsport Supply ✅ -

Features

✅ WHY CHOOSE POR-15 2K URETHANE PAINT? – POR-15 2K Urethane Industrial Top Coat paints are tough, glossy, two-component coatings for use over primed or painted surfaces. When fully cured, POR-15 2K Urethane Paints are a rock-hard, chemical resistant, non-porous, and incredibly tough coating. Durable and easily cleaned, they will not crack, chip, peel, or fade with age. POR-15 2K Urethane paints will withstand even the most intensive UV environments.
✅ LONG LASTING BRILLIANT FINISH - These beautiful, two-component coatings are stronger than any color paint you have ever tried. The long-lasting brilliant colors will look terrific wherever you use them, and will withstand incredible abuse. You'll be amazed at how well POR-15 2K Urethane paints hold up under conditions that would quickly destroy ordinary finishes.
Show More
Top 9

Spray max 2K Hot Rod Satin Black 12 oz. (6 Pack)

Spray Max
7.5 Pounds

Ratings for Spray Max (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Restomotive Sales -

Features

Perfect spray paint for small damage repair jobs on existing semi gloss Hot Rod Back parts/surfaces
The SprayMax hot rod black spray paint provides a long lasting and very durable finish
Show More
Top 10

POR 15 45032 - 1 4oz Can Gloss Black Rust Preventative Paint (45006)

POR-15
8542051062
2.0 x 2.8 x 2.8 Inches

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
G.P.S. 360
ProVision Paint Supply 9,909
Top 11

POR-15 40404 Solvent - 1 Quart , White

POR-15
40404
1.9685 x 0.7874 x 2.8543 Inches
2.138 Kilograms

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
JBTools 241
SG MARKETPLACE -
TACTIK 4X4 5,957

Features

Package Dimensions: 9.5 L x 9.75 H x 9.75 W (inches)
Package Weight: 12.85 pounds
Show More
Top 12

Eastwood Tropical Sunset Orange Pearl 3:1 Single Stage Urethane Top Coat Paint 96oz

Eastwood
7.5 Pounds

Ratings for Eastwood (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
The Eastwood Company 6,631

Features

This Is A Stunning Orange Midcoat With A Beautiful Shimmering Gold Color Shift Thanks To Exceptional Clarity That Allows The Pearl Particles To Show Through Easily
Catalyzed Urethane For Unsurpassed Durability
Show More
Top 13

Plasti Dip Rim Kit: 4 Aerosol Cans Black, 2 Aerosol Cans Glossifier, 1 Cangun

Plasti Dip
8542051056
8.0 x 8.0 x 8.0 Inches

Ratings for Plasti Dip (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
AWarehousefull -

Features

Items coated gain protection from moisture, acids, and corrosion
A non-slip controlled grip and comfortable
Show More
Top 14

POR-15 45718 Top Coat Clear 14oz Aerosol, 1 Pack

POR-15
45718
2.2 x 2.2 x 9.0 inches
1.5 Pounds

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
IPC-STORE✅ 4,447

Features

Package Dimensions: 9.0 H x 2.2 L x 2.2 W (inches)
May be applied directly to a clean prepped metal surface
Show More
Top 15

DipYourCar.com Plasti Dip Dip Coat - Finish Enhancer and Surface Protection for Dip Painted Cars - UV Protection and Plastic Dip Coat Life Extender (32 oz Spray Bottle)

DipYourCar
DIPCOAT-32OZ
4.62 x 3.12 x 10.75 Inches
2.0 Pounds

Ratings for DipYourCar (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Gold Label LLC 1,643
DipYourCar -

Features

Enhances Finish of dipped surfaces
Daily UV protection
Show More
Top 16

POR-15 46018 Top Coat Silver 14oz Aerosol, 1 Pack

POR-15
46018
2.2 x 2.2 x 9.0 Inches
1.15 Pounds

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -

Features

Package quantity:1
Product Type:AUTO ACCESSORY
Show More
Top 17

U-Pol TRIM#11 High Build Top Coat Premium Aerosols, 450ml (12oz) (Gloss Black)

U-POL
0.75 Pounds

Ratings for U-POL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
ProVision Paint Supply 9,909
Restomotive Sales -
Genesis Auto Supply, LLC -
RB Autopaint -

Features

Suitable for use over existing paint surfaces
Restores original appearance to body panels, under hood, chassis and wheels.
Show More
Top 18

Eastwood 2K Ceramic Chassis Black Gloss Qt Hardens cures single-stage paints

Eastwood
2.0 Pounds

Ratings for Eastwood (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
The Eastwood Company 6,631

Features

Eastwood 2K Ceramic Chassis Black Gloss Qt Hardens cures single-stage paints
Highly chip resistant
Show More
Top 19

Dicor RP-IRC-1 CoolCoat Roof Coating - 1 Gallon, White, 128 Fl Oz (Pack of 1)

Dicor
RP-IRC-1
1.24 x 1.09 x 1.09 Inches
12.0 Pounds

Ratings for Dicor (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -
Parts Via 8,392

Features

Brand: Dicor
Part Number: RP-IRC-1
Show More
Top 20

Interlux IVA300/1 Cetol Marine - Gallon

Interlux
IVA300/1
9.68 Pounds

Ratings for Interlux (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Autoplicity ✅ 1,125
Atlantic Boat Supply -

Features

UV-ABSORBING TECHNOLOGY: Our Cetol Marine wood finish with Next Wave UV-absorbing technology, providing a protective, translucent and breathable wood finish
STUNNING APPEARANCE: Creates an attractive dark amber appearance.
Show More
Top 21

Plasti Dip Spray Hugger Orange Classic Muscle 11oz (6 Pack)

Plasti Dip
11307-6
2.75 x 2.75 x 8.0 Inches
1.0 Pounds

Ratings for Plasti Dip (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -

Features

Plasti Dip flexible, protective rubber coating protects coated items against acids, abrasion, corrosion, impact, salts, moisture and weathering
Easy to remove when desired and return to original surface without damage or leaving behind residue
Show More
Top 22

Nanoskin Ultra Line T3 Ultra Durable Ceramic Coating – 9H Ceramic Paint Coating for Car Detailing | Apply After Car Wash, Clay Bar, Car Polisher | for Cars, Trucks, Boats, RV, Motorcycles & More

Nanoskin
UL-T32
10.0 x 2.0 x 2.7 Inches
0.5 Pounds

Ratings for Nanoskin (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Amazon.com -

Features

✅ PROFESSIONAL GRADE CERAMIC COATING: Use what the pro's use in a new self-leveling formulation that makes ceramic coating easy and simple. Typical ceramic infused coatings require training and tedious application/leveling techniques. T3 technology ensures a flatter, glossy, thicker layer of ceramic capability than the competition.
✅ DURABLE PROTECTION: 3-5yr durability reduces the laborious task of waxing and polishing. Enjoy simple care and maintenance vs. multiple steps of care and product maintenance! Attain unparalleled water beading/sheeting along with glassy wax-like coating to automobiles, boats, bikes, and more.
Show More
Top 23

U-POL 0878 Trim 11 High Build Top Coat, Satin Black, 450 ml Aerosol

U-POL
2.5 x 2.5 x 9.5 Inches
1.0 Pounds

Ratings for U-POL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
G.P.S. 360
Autobodynow 276

Features

Suitable for use over existing paint surfaces
Replicates factory look
Show More
Top 24

U-Pol TRIM#11 High Build Top Coat Premium Aerosols, 450ml (12oz) (Satin Black)

U-POL
0.75 pounds

Ratings for U-POL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
ProVision Paint Supply 9,909
Genesis Auto Supply, LLC -
RB Autopaint -

Features

Suitable for use over existing paint surfaces
Restores original appearance to body panels, under hood, chassis and wheels.
Show More
Top 25

U-Pol TRIM#11 High Build Top Coat Premium Aerosols, 450ml (12oz) (Gloss White)

U-POL
0.75 Pounds

Ratings for U-POL (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
TCP Global Corp 59
autopaintpro -
Genesis Auto Supply, LLC -

Features

Suitable for use over existing paint surfaces
Restores original appearance to body panels, under hood, chassis and wheels.
Show More
Top 26

SEM 62263 Olive Brown Ez Coat - 16 oz.

SEM
62263
6.0 x 8.0 x 8.5 Inches
1.15 Pounds

Ratings for SEM (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Autobodynow 276
National Tool Warehouse 1,751

Features

EZ Coat - Olive Brown
Top 27

POR-15 2K Urethane - Gloss Black - 1 gl. - 2 - Part Industrial Top Coat | Durable Long-Lasting Coating

POR-15
43201
2.5591 x 2.5591 x 8.0 Inches
7.88 Pounds

Ratings for POR-15 (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
AutoPartsandPaint -

Features

✅ WHY CHOOSE POR-15 2K URETHANE PAINT? – POR-15 2K Urethane Industrial Top Coat paints are tough, glossy, two-component coatings for use over primed or painted surfaces. When fully cured, POR-15 2K Urethane Paints are a rock-hard, chemical resistant, non-porous, and incredibly tough coating. Durable and easily cleaned, they will not crack, chip, peel, or fade with age. POR-15 2K Urethane paints will withstand even the most intensive UV environments.
✅ LONG LASTING BRILLIANT FINISH - These beautiful, two-component coatings are stronger than any color paint you have ever tried. The long-lasting brilliant colors will look terrific wherever you use them, and will withstand incredible abuse. You'll be amazed at how well POR-15 2K Urethane paints hold up under conditions that would quickly destroy ordinary finishes.
Show More
Top 28

Trailer Floor Coating Protects Trailer Floors, Ramps and Walls (Grey, 5 gallons) Includes 1 Foam Cover …

Trailer Floor Coating

Ratings for Trailer Floor Coating (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
Automotive Heat Lamp Store -

Features

Ready to Use. No mixing, shaking or diluting. Easy roll on application. Water resistant. Non-slip, textured finish. Available in black (satin finish) and grey. Easy water clean-up. 1 quart covers 12 sq ft. 1 gallon covers 48 sq ft. (enough for 2 thick coats)
Product cannot ship to locations experiencing temperatures less than 32 degrees. Coating must be applied and cured in temperatures of 60 degrees or higher.
Show More
Top 29

KBS Coatings 8502 OEM Satin Black BlackTop Chassis Paint - 1 Gallon

KBS Coatings
8502
9.7 x 9.7 x 9.5 Inches
0.0006 Pounds

Ratings for KBS Coatings (CPR Score)

Seller CPR Rank Amazon Fulfilled Prime Free Shipping
JEGS 2,573
IPC-STORE✅ 4,447
Back Haul Heavy Machinery & Truck Parts. -

Features

BlackTop is a permanent, moisture-cured, UV stable coating primarily used for topcoating surfaces previously sealed with RustSeal or any other paint/primer application.
BlackTop is a high performance protective coating specifically formulated to withstand dulling and fading caused by prolonged sunlight exposure.
Show More

Top 10 Automotive Top Coats - Verified to Buy (Apr. 2024)

Top 10 Automotive Top Coats Brands on Amazon

Here is the list of top-rated brands that were evaluated by CherryPicks.

  • Dupli-Color
  • POR-15
  • CAR-REP
  • U-POL
  • Spray Max
  • Eastwood
  • Plasti Dip
  • DipYourCar
  • Dicor
  • Interlux

Top 10 Automotive Top Coats Sellers: CPR Seller Rank List

CPR sellers rank is based on CherryPicks-AI bestselling ranking system that helps us analyze each seller's sales trends. The List of top seller ranks is our in-house data, essential for our product ranking to help you make the right shopping choice.

Rank Name Yearly Feedbacks Avg. Ratings
🥇 TCP Global Corp 15,531 4.8
🥈 JBTools 7,916 4.8
🥉 Autobodynow 7,334 4.9
4 BIGFLY 6,821 4.9
5 G.P.S. 6,146 4.9
6 Autoplicity ✅ 2,948 4.5
7 Blondee Wholesale 2,474 4.6
8 Gold Label LLC 2,324 4.9
9 National Tool Warehouse 2,240 4.7
10 Buyer$ Lair 1,848 4.9
View or download top Automotive Top Coats seller & rating report
TCP Global Corp [15531] JBTools [7916] Autobodynow [7334] BIGFLY [6821] G.P.S. [6146] Autoplicity ✅ [2948] Blondee Wholesale [2474] Gold Label LLC [2324] National Tool Warehouse [2240] Buyer$ Lair [1848] TCP Global Corp 28% JBTools 14% Autobodynow 13% BIGFLY 12% G.P.S. 11% Autoplicity ✅ 5% Blondee Wholesale 4% Gold Label LLC 4% National Tool Warehouse 4% Buyer$ Lair 3%

[Get] Automotive Top Coats Deals (✅Exclusively for Prime)

What does "Amazon Fulfilled" Mean?

Amazon Fulfilled refers to products handled by Amazon's logistics, which indicates that the product is stored, packed, and shipped by Amazon from one of its fulfillment centers.

When you order a product that is "Amazon Fulfilled," Amazon takes care of the storage, packing, shipping, and customer service for that product. This often ensures quicker delivery and better customer service compared to products that are not fulfilled by Amazon. It also means that the product is eligible for Amazon's return policy.

What does "Prime" Mean?

"Prime" refers to Amazon Prime Member (Join Amazon Prime Now), which indicates eligibility for Prime benefits. When you see "Prime" next to a product on Amazon, This generally means that if you are  an Amazon Prime member, you can get free two-day shipping on that product, and sometimes even same-day or one-day shipping depending on your location.

Prime members also have access to other benefits, including 2-Day ShippingExclusive Member DealsPrime VideoBuy With PrimeAmazon MusicPrime Gaming, and more.

Shop Prime Automotive Top Coats Deals

What does "Free Shipping" Mean?

"Free Shipping" means that you will not be charged additional fees for the shipping of that product. However, unlike "Prime," which usually guarantees fast two-day shipping, "Free Shipping" doesn't necessarily mean fast shipping.

Sometimes there might be a minimum purchase requirement to qualify for free shipping if you are not a Prime member. For Prime members, the "Free Shipping" usually refers to the free two-day shipping that is one of the benefits of the Prime membership.


Why Should You Trust Us?

Now hundreds and thousands of Paint & Paint Supplies supplies are available on Amazon, Picking the right one is not easy, and that may take a lot of your time, Right? and What is the best Automotive Top Coats to buy for new April 2024?

CherryPicks’s Methodology for Evaluating Automotive Top Coats

We developed the CherryRatings-AI system to identify and score reviews and the CherryPicks-AI ranking system that uses TensorFlow framework to generate the best list, It will help us evaluate Paint & Paint Supplies items that sell on Amazon. The score of items is based on over ten parameters such as analyzing customer review content, product reviewing rating statistics, brand reputation evaluation, comparing product price with features, etc, You can visit How We Rank to learn more in detail.

We collected and analyzed 148 of Automotive Top Coats reviews based on our selection criteria. It helped us shortlist the top qualified and rated Automotive Top Coats for Paint & Paint Supplies, We found that most customers choose Automotive Top Coats with an average price of $63.45, and the top brands are Dupli-Color, POR-15, Dicor, Spray Max, Plasti Dip, Eastwood, KBS Coatings, SEM, Nanoskin, DipYourCar, Interlux, U-POL, Trailer Floor Coating And CAR-REP. 

Then our expert-level editors reviewed all those quality items and selected the top 29 Automotive Top Coats for you, We have researched hundreds of sellers and picked the top sellers for Paint & Paint Supplies, including TCP Global Corp, JBTools, Autobodynow, BIGFLY, G.P.S., Autoplicity ✅, Blondee Wholesale, Gold Label LLC, National Tool Warehouse, Buyer$ Lair, JEGS And IPC-STORE✅. The Dupli-Color BCL0125 Clear Exact-Match Automotiv... are available for purchase right now, and The seller of #1 rank product has received honest feedback from 35,538 consumers with an average rating of 4.3.

We've helped a lot of satisfied users get the right Automotive product based on their needs, and save lots of time for them to pick Automotive Top Coats to buy.


Written By Craig Hill

Christian Buccho is a mechanic in love with automotive repairs. He will be sharing his experience with us an automotive repairer over the years. He will not only provide us with informative articles, he would also be providing us with hands-on reviews on automotive parts.